For diploma holders in Obstetrics and Gynecology, PDCET is not just another entrance exam. It is the exam that decides your next step in training, the institute where you will learn, and the kind of clinical and surgical exposure you will receive.
After completing a post-diploma in OBG, most residents aim to move into DNB Obstetrics and Gynecology for higher specialty training. PDCET is the pathway that takes you there. A good rank gives you access to better hospitals, stronger mentorship, and wider clinical experience.
With the PDCET 2026 scheduled for 12 April 2026, this is the ideal time to start focused preparation with proper guidance.
What is the PDCET Exam?
PDCET stands for Post Diploma Centralized Entrance Test. It is conducted by the National Board of Examinations (NBE) for doctors who have completed their Post Diploma and wish to pursue Post Diploma DNB courses.
For OBG residents, this exam allows entry into DNB Obstetrics and Gynecology (Post Diploma) programmes in government and private hospitals across India.
In simple words, PDCET is the exam that takes you from diploma training to advanced specialty-level OBG practice.
PDCET 2026 Exam Date
Date: Sunday, 12 April 2026
Mode: Computer-based examination
Centres: Conducted across multiple cities in India
Why is PDCET Important for OBG Residents?
PDCET is a career-defining exam. It determines:
Where you will receive your higher training
The quality of clinical and surgical exposure you will get
The mentors who will guide your learning
Your confidence as an independent obstetrician and gynecologist
A strong rank gives you better choices and better training centres.
Conclusion:
PDCET is not just an entrance exam. It is the foundation of your future as an obstetrician and gynecologist.
With the exam scheduled for 12 April 2026, this is the time to prepare with discipline, clarity, and the right mentorship.
If your goal is to become a confident clinician, a skilled surgeon, and a dependable OBG specialist, your preparation must begin now.
And with the guidance of Conceptual OBG, you can walk into the PDCET exam with confidence and clarity.
Dear residents, ovulation is something we all study in textbooks, but when it comes to understanding how beautifully the female body works, most books fall short. Ovulation is not just about an egg being released every month; it is a journey that starts even before a girl is born.
In this blog, we walk through ovulation and menstrual physiology the same way Dr. Japleen Kaur explains it, step by step, logically, and with clear clinical relevance.
The Journey of an Egg Begins Before Birth
Most people don’t realise that a woman is born with all the eggs she will ever have.
During early fetal life, special cells called oogonia travel from the yolk sac to the developing ovaries. By the time a baby girl is 20 weeks old inside her mother’s womb, she already has nearly 7 million eggs.
After that, nature slowly starts reducing this number.
At birth, only about 1 million eggs remain
By puberty, the number drops to around 2 lakh
By the age of 30, only about 26,000 eggs are left
Out of all these, only about 400 eggs will ever be released in a woman’s lifetime. The rest slowly disappear — a natural process called atresia.
What Happens to the Egg Before Ovulation?
From birth till puberty, all eggs stay in a resting stage. They are paused in Meiosis I, waiting for the right time.
When ovulation happens, the chosen egg wakes up and continues dividing:
It completes its first division
Releases the first polar body
Becomes a secondary oocyte
Then pauses again in Meiosis II
Only after fertilisation does the final division take place and a mature ovum is formed.
Why Oocyte Maturity Matters in IVF?
In IVF treatment, doctors want to collect only fully mature eggs.
An immature egg cannot be fertilised properly. A mature egg (called an M2 oocyte) has already completed its first division and is ready for fertilisation. That’s why embryologists carefully examine every egg under the microscope before proceeding.
Any error during this stage can lead to genetic problems, which is why this step is extremely important.
Maternal Age and Chromosomal Problems
One very important clinical fact is the relationship between maternal age and chromosomal disorders.
Among all chromosomal abnormalities, Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) is the one that clearly increases as maternal age increases. This is why, when counselling older pregnant women, doctors focus mainly on the risk of Down syndrome.
How Hormones Control Ovulation?
Ovulation is controlled by a beautiful hormonal chain reaction.
The hypothalamus in the brain releases GnRH in small pulses. This stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.
FSH acts on the granulosa cells of the ovary
LH acts on the theca cells
Theca cells produce androgens, which are converted into estrogen inside granulosa cells.
After ovulation, the same hormones help produce progesterone, which prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
The Feedback System That Keeps Everything in Balance
The menstrual cycle stays regular because of a smart feedback system.
Estrogen tells the brain when enough hormone has been produced
Progesterone tells the brain when ovulation has already happened
These hormones switch off further hormone production at the right time so that the cycle remains balanced.
How a Follicle Grows Inside the Ovary?
Every month, several tiny follicles start growing inside the ovary.
Primordial follicle – a resting egg surrounded by a few cells
Primary follicle – the egg grows and forms a protective layer
Secondary follicle – a fluid-filled cavity appears (this is what we see on ultrasound)
Mature follicle – grows up to about 20 mm and is ready to release the egg
Ovulation and Formation of Corpus Luteum
When ovulation occurs, the mature follicle ruptures and releases the egg. The remaining follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and supports early pregnancy.
On ultrasound, it appears like a small hemorrhagic structure with blood flow around it.
Why Only One Egg Is Released Each Month?
Although many follicles start growing, only one usually wins the race.
This happens because the winning follicle responds best to FSH. It produces more estrogen, which lowers FSH levels and stops the other follicles from growing. The rest slowly shrink and disappear.
How does IVF Changes This Natural Process?
In IVF, doctors give FSH injections from outside. This keeps FSH levels high for longer and allows multiple follicles to grow together. That’s how several eggs can be collected in one cycle.
Role of Ovulation Induction Medicines
Two common medicines are used to help women ovulate:
Clomiphene citrate tricks the brain into thinking estrogen levels are low, so more FSH is released.
Letrozole reduces estrogen production, again increasing FSH levels.
Both help trigger ovulation in women who are not ovulating naturally.
Conclusion:
Ovulation is one of the most fascinating processes in the human body. It is controlled by hormones, shaped by genetics, and guided by a perfect internal clock.
From the time an egg is formed in fetal life to the moment it is released during ovulation, every step has clinical importance, especially in fertility treatment and reproductive medicine.
Understanding this process properly makes you a better clinician and a more confident OBG resident.
Obstetrics and Gynaecology is not a branch people usually “end up” in by accident. Most who choose it already know what they’re signing up for—late nights, sudden emergencies, emotional conversations, and decisions that can’t be postponed till morning.
It’s demanding, no doubt. But for many doctors, it’s also one of the most fulfilling specialties there is.
If you’re considering OBG after MBBS, you’re probably not looking for fancy promises. You want clarity. What degrees are available? What does the road ahead actually look like? And does it make sense in the long run? Let’s talk about that plainly.
MD (Doctor of Medicine) in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
MD – Doctor of Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynaecology is the most common postgraduate qualification in this field. It’s a three-year residency conducted in medical colleges recognised by the National Medical Commission (NMC).
Training during MD OBG is intense and unpredictable. Some days are routine OPDs and ward work. Other days—and nights—are anything but routine. Emergency caesareans, complicated labours, postpartum haemorrhage, difficult counselling sessions… you see it all.
Over time, you stop reacting and start anticipating. That’s when the real learning happens.
Your training broadly covers:
Labour room management and obstetric emergencies
High-risk pregnancy care
Gynaecological surgeries
OPD and inpatient decision-making
It’s not easy, especially in the first year. But by the end of residency, most doctors come out tougher, sharper, and far more confident than they expected.
Life and Work After MD (Doctor of Medicine) OBG
After completing MD OBG, most doctors begin working as consultant obstetricians and gynaecologists. Some join hospitals straight away, while others do senior residency first.
With experience, many choose to:
Open their own practice or clinic
Focus more on obstetrics or more on gynaecology
Move into teaching hospitals
OBG specialists are needed everywhere in India. That demand doesn’t disappear with time—it grows.
DNB (Diplomate of National Board) in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
DNB – Diplomate of National Board in Obstetrics and Gynaecology is awarded by the National Board of Examinations (NBE). Like MD, it is a three-year postgraduate program.
DNB training usually takes place in busy hospitals, often private ones. This means patient load is high and hands-on exposure comes early. You don’t get the luxury of watching from the sidelines for too long.
Many DNB residents end up with excellent procedural confidence simply because they’ve done so much during training.
Scope After DNB (Diplomate of National Board) OBG
After completing DNB OBG, doctors commonly:
Work as consultants in private hospitals
Join maternity centres and nursing homes
Enter academics after fulfilling eligibility norms
Pursue fellowships in specific areas
In real practice, very few patients ask whether you’re MD or DNB. They remember how you treated them—and how safe they felt under your care.
What About Diploma Courses in OBG?
Earlier, DGO (Diploma in Gynaecology and Obstetrics) was a two-year postgraduate option. Over the years, this pathway has mostly been phased out.
Doctors who already hold a DGO continue to practice, especially with experience. However, for current MBBS graduates, MD or DNB is the more secure and future-ready option.
Options After Completing Postgraduate OBG
Many OBG specialists choose to narrow their focus after PG. Some areas where doctors commonly pursue further training include:
Reproductive Medicine and IVF
Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Gynaecology
Maternal and Fetal Medicine
Gynaecologic Oncology
These paths need additional training, but they also allow you to build depth in areas you genuinely enjoy.
Career Scope of OBG in India
Obstetrics and Gynaecology will always remain essential. Women will always need care—during pregnancy, childbirth, and beyond.
OBG specialists are required in:
Government hospitals
Private maternity hospitals
Clinics and nursing homes
With increasing awareness around women’s health and fertility, opportunities continue to expand. The flip side is that the work can be emotionally heavy. Outcomes matter, expectations are high, and pressure is real.
Is OBG the Right Branch for You?
OBG suits doctors who:
Can stay composed during emergencies
Don’t mind long, irregular working hours
Are comfortable taking responsibility
Value patient relationships and continuity of care
It’s not a branch for shortcuts or half-hearted effort. But for those who commit fully, it offers purpose like very few others do.
Final Thoughts
Choosing between MD (Doctor of Medicine) Obstetrics and Gynaecology and DNB (Diplomate of National Board) Obstetrics and Gynaecology matters—but choosing OBG with open eyes matters more.
If you’re ready for the workload, the learning curve, and the responsibility that comes with it, OBG can be a career that challenges you—and rewards you—for decades.
Preeclampsia is something every OBG resident sees almost every day. Honestly, it’s so common that we sometimes forget how serious it actually is. In India, the numbers are worrying. Roughly one in every 10 to 20 pregnant women develops preeclampsia. That means almost every clinic or ward has multiple such patients.
What’s frustrating is this — even after so many years of research, and despite India being a high-risk population, we still struggle with predicting and preventing preeclampsia effectively. This session by Dr. Aditya Nimbkar focuses exactly on that: what we can predict today, what we can actually do, and where the future might be headed.
What Exactly Is Preeclampsia?
By definition, preeclampsia means:
Blood pressure more than 140/90 mmHg
Recorded on two occasions, at least 4 hours apart
After 20 weeks of pregnancy
That part is basic, and everyone knows it. But the real issue is not diagnosis. The real issue is prediction.
Why Does Preeclampsia Happen?
The core problem starts very early in pregnancy.
Normally, trophoblasts invade the spiral arterioles. This invasion destroys the tunica layers and converts high-resistance vessels into low-resistance ones. This change is necessary because pregnancy needs more blood flow to the placenta and fetus.
When this trophoblastic invasion is faulty:
Blood flow to the placenta reduces
Placental hypoxia develops
The whole disease process begins
Angiogenic vs Anti-Angiogenic Factors
Placental hypoxia leads to increased anti-angiogenic factors, mainly:
sFlt-1
Soluble endoglin
At the same time, pro-angiogenic factors reduce:
Placental Growth Factor (PLGF)
VEGF
Simply put:
Less PLGF
More sFlt-1 = higher risk of preeclampsia
PLGF Levels – Why They Matter
PLGF is one of the most useful markers we have today.
PLGF > 100 → risk of preeclampsia is very low
PLGF < 33 → very high chance of developing preeclampsia later
The lower the PLGF, the worse the placental function.
sFlt-1 / PLGF Ratio – Short-Term Prediction
This ratio helps predict what may happen in the next 1–2 weeks.
Before 34 weeks
Ratio > 85
High risk of severe preeclampsia, eclampsia, or abruption
Between 34–37 weeks
Ratio > 110
Again, there is a high risk of serious events soon
The cut-offs differ because PLGF and sFlt-1 levels behave differently as pregnancy advances.
Is This Test Really Useful?
Practically speaking, not for everyone.
The test is expensive, and even if it predicts risk, it doesn’t help us stop the disease. What it helps with is planning.
It tells us:
Whether delivery may be needed soon
Whether steroids should be given
Whether magnesium sulfate is required
Whether the patient needs admission and close monitoring
It reduces complications, but does not prevent preeclampsia.
Where Can We Actually Help the Patient?
Uterine Artery Doppler – Very Important
This is where real prevention starts.
Done along with the NT-NB scan, it tells us about placental blood flow.
Low resistance → good trophoblastic invasion
High resistance → higher risk
Key values:
11–14 weeks: Mean PI > 2.4
20–24 weeks: Mean PI > 1.4
Higher values mean increased risk of:
Preeclampsia
Fetal growth restriction
Aspirin – But Timing Is Everything
If the uterine artery PI is high:
Start low-dose aspirin
Ideally 150 mg
Before 16 weeks
After 16 weeks, trophoblastic invasion is already complete, so starting late doesn’t provide much benefit.
Aspirin doesn’t completely prevent preeclampsia, but it can delay the onset and reduce the severity.
Other Early Predictors
Better prediction comes from combining:
Uterine artery PI
PLGF
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
If MAP > 90 in early pregnancy, future risk increases.
High-Risk Patients Need Extra Attention
Some women need close monitoring right from the first trimester:
Previous preeclampsia or eclampsia
History of abruption or unexplained stillbirth
Chronic kidney disease
Diabetes
Autoimmune disorders like SLE
These patients benefit the most from early aspirin and strict surveillance.
What About the Future?
Many new markers are being studied:
Placental protein 13
ADAM-12
Soluble endoglin
Micro-RNAs
There are also drugs under research:
Sildenafil
Statins
Metformin
At present, aspirin is all we have. But in the future, safer drugs may help us actually prevent, not just predict, preeclampsia.
Final Thoughts
Right now, our focus should be:
Early screening
Identifying high-risk women
Starting aspirin on time
Close maternal and fetal monitoring
Prediction helps, but prevention is the real goal. We’re not there yet — but we’re getting closer.
Medical disorders in pregnancy are a high-yield area for exams like NEET SS, INI-CET, and DNB, yet many questions are misunderstood because aspirants focus only on the final answer rather than the reasoning behind it. In this MCQ discussion session, Dr. Aditya Nimbkar breaks down multiple previous-year recall questions, explaining not just what the correct answer is, but why the other options are incorrect.
This blog summarises the key learning points from the session in a structured, exam-oriented format.
1. Magnesium Sulfate for Fetal Neuroprotection
What Is the Optimal Timing?
One of the most frequently asked MCQs revolves around magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) use for fetal neuroprotection before preterm birth.
Key Concept
Magnesium sulfate is not routinely given to all women in preterm labour. Its use is selective and evidence-based.
Why Magnesium Sulfate?
Magnesium sulfate is preferred in pregnancy over other antiepileptics because of its broad neuroprotective action. It works through multiple mechanisms:
A – Adenosine potentiation → neuronal relaxation
B – GABA-B receptor activation → inhibitory neurotransmission
C – Calcium channel blockade
D – NMDA receptor inhibition
E – Glutamate inhibition (reduces excitotoxicity)
Together, these actions reduce neuronal excitability in both the mother and the fetus.
Why Is This Important for Preterm Babies?
Extremely preterm neonates are prone to:
Electrolyte imbalances
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Neonatal seizures
Each seizure episode increases the risk of hypoxic brain injury, which magnesium sulfate helps prevent.
Exam-Oriented Answer
Indication: Imminent preterm birth
Gestational age: Up to 32 weeks (as per NICE guidelines)
Minimum duration: At least 4 hours before delivery
Maximum duration:24 hours only
Repeat or rescue courses are not recommended.
Dose (Similar to Zuspan Regimen)
Loading dose: 4 g IV
Maintenance: 1 g/hour IV infusion
No intramuscular injections
Why Not Give It Repeatedly?
Excess magnesium:
Displaces calcium from receptors
Can cause fetal osteopenia
May lead to neonatal respiratory depression
Hence, one single course is sufficient.
2. Safest Antipsychotic Drug in Pregnancy (ACOG)
Psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia are not uncommon in pregnancy, making this a high-yield MCQ area.
Neonatal Adaptation Syndrome – A Must-Know Concept
Antipsychotic drugs can cause:
Poor neonatal tone
Poor feeding
Jitteriness
Extrapyramidal symptoms
Respiratory distress
This constellation is known as Neonatal Adaptation Syndrome.
Safest Antipsychotic Drugs
According to ACOG and RCOG:
Safest option:
Haloperidol (best safety data)
Other acceptable options:
Chlorpromazine
Olanzapine
Quetiapine
Risperidone
Important Clinical Pearl
Second-generation antipsychotics like olanzapine and quetiapine can worsen insulin resistance, increasing the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
What to do?
Perform OGTT at 24–28 weeks
Repeat OGTT at 32–36 weeks
Drugs to Avoid
Clozapine
Lithium
Breastfeeding Tip (Very Exam-Relevant)
Peak drug levels occur 1–2 hours after dosing
Advise mothers to avoid breastfeeding for 2–3 hours after taking the drug
This simple dose-spacing reduces neonatal side effects.
3. CNS Disorder That Worsens During Pregnancy
Trick in the Question
The worsening is not due to hormones, but due to immunological changes.
Immunological Shift in Pregnancy
Th1 → Th2 dominance
Increased humoral immunity
Reduced cell-mediated immunity
Correct Answer: Myasthenia Gravis
Antibody-mediated disease
Pregnancy increases antibody production
Leads to worsening neuromuscular weakness
Why Not the Others?
Multiple Sclerosis: Cell-mediated → fewer relapses in pregnancy
Parkinson’s Disease: Symptoms may worsen due to drug dilution but improve with dose adjustment
Methotrexate remains in tissues for months — avoid conception for at least 6 months
Crohn’s Disease and Mode of Delivery
Perianal Crohn’s disease → No episiotomy
Risk of deep perineal tears
Elective Caesarean Section is preferred
Key Takeaway for Exams
This session reinforces one crucial rule for medical exams:
Understanding the “why” behind an answer is more important than memorising the answer itself.
Approach MCQs conceptually, link physiology with clinical practice, and the guidelines will automatically make sense.Subscribe to Conceptual OBG for more insightful sessions to help you during your residency.
If you’re in the middle of NEET PG counselling and staring at “MS/DNB Obstetrics & Gynaecology” on your screen with 100 doubts in your head, you’re not alone.
Students keep asking the same questions: Is OBG the right branch for me? What about hands-on, DNB vs MS, DGO, MRCOG, superspeciality, work–life balance…?
This blog puts all of that together in one place, in simple language, straight from the real-life experiences discussed in the session.
What Makes OBG a “Beautiful” Branch?
OBG is one of those rare specialities where you make life-and-death decisions every single day – and yet, most days end with happiness.
You bring new life into the world.
You often deliver good news, not just diagnoses and reports.
You build long-term bonds with patients – from their first pregnancy to their second, then their sisters, cousins, mothers, and even grandmothers.
Over the years, entire families start trusting you as “their” doctor.
If you:
Enjoy talking to people
Like building relationships with patients
Are you okay with a dynamic, non-sedentary routine
…OBG can be very fulfilling.
No Two Days Are the Same
You’re constantly on the move:
OPD
Labour room
Wards
OT
Ultrasound room
Rotations in neonatology, oncology, urogynaecology, etc.
It’s an integrated branch – a mix of medicine, surgery, radiology, paediatrics, public health and social impact. You can also shape your practice later:
More medical, less surgical
More gynae, less obstetrics
More fertility, oncology, laparoscopy, etc.
Is OBG a Good Branch for Men?
This is one of the most frequently asked (and most misunderstood) questions.
Many male students worry:
“Will patients come to me?”
“Will I struggle more because I’m a man in OBG?”
“Is my future limited?”
The truth is:
Patients go to the doctor they trust, not just the gender they prefer.
If you are skilled, respectful, communicative and professional, patients stay with you.
There are numerous legendary male gynaecologists in India and globally who’ve shaped the branch, written standard textbooks, and led subspecialities.
Yes, in some areas (especially certain communities, rural or conservative belts), women may initially feel hesitant to consult a male gynaecologist. But:
Once they see good outcomes and feel comfortable, they come back and refer others.
Colleagues’ trust and word-of-mouth also matter a lot.
👉 Key point: Don’t let gender decide your branch. Let your interest, aptitude and willingness to learn decide.
Hands-On vs Structured Training: What Really Matters?
Another obsession: “Will I get enough hands-on? Should I upgrade just for more hands-on?”
Of course, surgical exposure is important. But it’s not the only thing, and definitely not the first thing to judge a college by.
What actually matters more than “hands-on”?
Look for:
Structured academic program (seminars, tutorials, case discussions, journal clubs)
Good mix of cases – obstetrics + gynae + emergencies + electives
Supportive environment and reasonable work culture
Minimal language barrier so you can communicate with patients
Plenty of residents who did thousands of caesareans still have poor technique. And others who did 30–50 well-supervised surgeries with strong theoretical understanding become excellent surgeons over time.
Surgery is a lifetime skill, not a 3-year race.
Your attitude matters a lot
Show up.
Stay back when you can.
Watch surgeries even if you are not scrubbed.
Follow up the patient whose case you assisted.
Be the resident who is eager, not the one who disappears at 4:59 pm.
FNB (fellowship of the National Board)
Then:
Plain DGO alone is not enough.
You need to complete secondary DNB to be eligible.
So, if you are very sure you want a superspeciality right from the start, keep this in mind while choosing.
What Are the Career Options After OBG Residency?
You’re not limited to “just being a general gynaecologist”. You can:
1. Practice as a General Obstetrician & Gynaecologist
Single-doctor clinic + attached hospitals
Freelancing in multiple hospitals
Working in a corporate hospital
Working in government/teaching hospitals
A general OBG practitioner is rarely out of work. Wherever there are women, there is OBG work.
2. Super-Specialise
You can go into:
Reproductive medicine / IVF
Gynae endoscopy (laparoscopy & hysteroscopy)
Gynae oncology
Urogynaecology
Fetal medicine
High-risk pregnancy & obstetric critical care
Pathways include:
NEET SS
FNB
Institutional fellowships
3. Non-clinical / Semi-clinical Options
Over time, some gynaecologists move towards:
Medical education
Research and writing
Administration/hospital management
Public health and policy
You can slowly reshape your career based on your interests.
Final Thoughts: Should You Choose OBG?
Ask yourself honestly:
Do I like the idea of dealing with pregnancy, childbirth and women’s health?
Am I okay with emergencies, unpredictability and responsibility?
Can I handle stress if I have the right support and coping tools?
Do I feel a pull towards this branch more than others, like medicine, paeds, radio, derma, etc.?
If the answer in your gut is yes, then:
👉 Take OBG. 👉 Accept that the first few months of residency will be hard. 👉 Surround yourself with the right people, mentors and habits.
The branch will test you – but it can also give you immense satisfaction, stability and purpose for the rest of your career.
Every year around this time, the same panic begins. NEET SS is only a month away, and suddenly everything starts to feel confusing — What to revise? How to balance clinical duties and preparation? Where to start when the syllabus itself feels endless?
If you’re going through this, trust me, you’re not alone. But here’s the part most students forget: One month is still enough to turn things around — if you follow the right plan and use the right platform.
And for OBG, if there is one place that has actually made preparation simpler, clearer and more practical… It’s Conceptual OBG.
This platform has quietly become the go-to space for students who want concepts, not just notes… and confidence, not confusion.
Why Students Are Choosing Conceptual OBG for NEET SS?
Let’s keep it simple — no long stories, no unnecessary details.
These are the exact things that actually help in the exam:
1. Clinical Skills That You Can Actually Use
We all know how important basic clinical skills are — and honestly, most places hardly teach them properly.
Conceptual OBG covers every essential clinical skill through real patient demonstrations and mannequin-based sessions, so you finally understand things the way they’re meant to be understood.
2. Surgical Videos That Make You Feel Prepared
Some days you have an episiotomy suturing.
Some days you’re scrubbed in for a lap hysterectomy.
Wherever you are in residency, the surgical library here is a lifesaver.
Quick videos, clear visuals, from basics to advanced surgeries — everything is crisp and practical.
3. Pre-Recorded + Live Lectures That Don’t Bore You
The best part?
These lectures don’t feel heavy. Even after a crazy day in the ward, you can sit and watch without feeling mentally exhausted.
The topics cover everything — basics, new updates, cases, explanations from top OBG faculty… literally an all-in-one space.
4. Exam-Preparation Section for the Final Push
This section is a lifesaver when NEET SS is approaching, and anxiety goes up. You get:
Pelvis & skull stations
Instruments
Drugs
OSCE practice
Spotters
Quick revision modules
Everything you need for that last stretch before the exam.
5. A Learning Space That Feels Good
The platform has a very soothing, engaging vibe — lectures feel like conversations, not presentations.
And that honestly makes a big difference when you’re tired from duties.
6. Basics First — Always
NEET SS is not a memory test. It’s a test of your basics.
Conceptual OBG keeps things simple. When you understand the fundamentals well, the entire exam becomes easier.
Everything You Need in One Platform
Clinical Skills
Surgical Videos
Pre-recorded + Live Lectures
Exam-Preparation Modules
OSCE Practice
Instrument & Drug Stations
Faculty Guidance …and a lot more you’ll discover along the way.
A Quick Reminder Before You Leave
Yes, the NEET SS exam is close. Yes, there isn’t much time left. But one month is still enough when your preparation is clean, focused, and guided properly.
If you want a structured, practical and high-yield way of revising for the NEET SS exam, Conceptual OBG is genuinely one of the best, most reliable platforms right now.
C-section scar defects, or isthmoceles, are increasingly recognised as an important yet often overlooked cause of abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility in women with previous caesarean deliveries. In this detailed session, Dr. Aarti Chitkara breaks down everything—from what an isthmocele truly is to how it develops, how we diagnose it, and the best management approaches. This blog captures her complete explanation, imaging demonstrations, and key clinical insights exactly as discussed.
What Is an Isthmocele?
So let us see what thymosyl truly is. It’s a caesarean scar defect or uterine niche. It can come with different names, honestly, so you do not get confused if it’s asked by different names in the exam. It is any indentation representing a myomaterial discontinuity. It is not only the endometrial discontinuity, it is also a myometrial discontinuity or a Triangular and echoic defect in the uterine wall, mostly present anteriorly, with the base communicating to the uterine cavity. At the site of a previous caesarean section scar, with no universally accepted definition. So this is actually not a definition. It only explains what thymosyl is.
It is a descriptive definition, but not truly a universal definition of thymosyl.
Prevalence & Best Imaging Modality
The largest Systematic review in thymosyl was proposed by Tulandi and Cohen. They found the prevalence of thymosyl:
On TVS: 24–70%
On SHG: 56–84%
Hence SHG (sonohysterography) becomes the better investigation of choice in cases of thymosyl. This is in women who had one or more previous caesarean sections.
How Does Isthmocele Develop?
It causes two pathological changes that may predispose to symptoms like:
Menorrhagia
Abnormal uterine bleeding
Pelvic pain
Dysmenorrhea
Caesarean scar pregnancy
Secondary infertility
A very specific symptom of caesarean scar niche or a thymosyl is post-menstrual spotting, and any woman presenting with this should undergo imaging to rule out the defect.
Ultrasound & SHG Findings
The transcript walks through detailed ultrasound and SHG demonstrations:
Transvaginal needle insertion
Aspiration of the collected altered blood
SHG fluid delineating the scar
Transabdominal confirmation
Intraoperative surgical repair visuals
MR images showing triangular defects
These videos were referenced during the lecture.
Management Options
Treatment ranges from:
Expectant/clinical management
Pharmacological treatment
Surgical treatment
Hysterectomy
Uterine-sparing techniques like:
Hysteroscopy
Laparoscopy Laparotomy
Transvaginal procedures
Hysteroscopic resection is used when residual myometrial thickness is more than 3 mm. A combined hysteroscopic + laparoscopic repair is also described.
Conclusion Presented at the Conference
Obstetric complications of caesarean section are well established
It is necessary to identify and manage this new gynecological entity
Isthmocele is currently classified as AUB-N
May require reclassification into AUB-I (iatrogenic)
A new terminology, “cervicoseal” may better explain etiopathogenesis
Ultrasound Appearance & Types
Isthmocele can take various shapes:
Triangular
Semi-lunar
Circular
Rectangular
Droplet
Inclusion cysts
It is a spectrum; inclusion cysts at the caesarean scar behave like adenomyosis.
Definition & Etiology
It refers to an iatrogenic uterine defect of a previous caesarean section or other isthmic tract surgery. The term “isthmic tract surgery” was added because defects can occur after:
Cervical fibroid removal
Hysteroscopic myomectomy
Epidemiology
70% of women with a previous C-section may develop isthmocele
Poorly formed niche endometrium sheds irregularly.
4. Dysmenorrhea & Pelvic Pain
Due to abnormal contractions around the fibrosed myometrium.
5. Mid-Cycle Fluid Collection
A key cause of secondary infertility. Retained blood → excess mucus formation → interferes with implantation, similar to hydrosalpinx.
Additional Symptoms Discussed
The lecture proceeds into:
Caesarean scar ectopic
And further symptoms (the transcript ends in this segment)
Conclusion
Isthmocele is no longer just an incidental finding—it is a significant gynecological entity that can affect bleeding patterns, fertility, and overall quality of life in women with previous caesarean deliveries.
For more such insightful, clinically relevant sessions and structured learning, subscribe to Conceptual OBG and stay ahead in your residency and practice.
Heart diseases in pregnancy are among the most important and challenging topics for both doctors and students preparing for exams. Let’s understand two important parts — the MWHO classification of heart disease in pregnancy and Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM) — simply.
MWHO Classification – What It Means
The first question discussed was: Which maternal conditions are classified as MWHO Class 4 (pregnancy contraindicated)?
To answer this, we should know what the MWHO classification is.
Earlier, the WHO classification of heart disease in pregnancy was based only on the type of heart disease, not on how severe the symptoms were. But this was not very helpful because two women with the same disease could have very different risk levels.
So, doctors started using a system that combines:
The type of disease (WHO classification)
The severity of symptoms (NYHA classification)
Later, a modified version called MWHO 2.0 came, which also includes the CARPREG 2.0 score — this helps predict how risky the pregnancy might be for a woman with heart disease.
You don’t have to remember all the classes. The most important one is Class 4, which means pregnancy is contraindicated — it is too risky for the mother.
If a woman with Class 4 heart disease becomes pregnant, doctors usually advise termination because continuing pregnancy can lead to severe complications or even death.
Conditions under MWHO Class 4:
Severe aortic stenosis (valve area <1 cm²)
Eisenmenger syndrome (reversal of blood flow causing cyanosis)
Marfan syndrome with an aortic root >5 cm
Aortic root dilatation >4.5 cm (even without Marfan’s)
Ejection fraction <30% (due to any cause like PPCM or old MI)
Severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
These are high-risk conditions because the heart cannot handle the extra load of pregnancy.
Example question: “Which of the following is MWHO Class 4?” → Answer: Pulmonary hypertension (PA pressure >70 mmHg)
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM) – What It Is
PPCM is another important topic. It means heart failure that happens near the end of pregnancy or soon after delivery, without any other known cause. The ejection fraction is usually below 45%.
It is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning other causes of heart failure must first be ruled out.
Why PPCM Happens?
It is explained by the two-hit theory:
Some women have a genetic predisposition.
During pregnancy, the hormone prolactin increases. In certain women, prolactin breaks down into a harmful fragment (16 kDa) that damages heart muscle and blood vessels.
This toxic fragment causes endothelial damage, reduces blood supply to the heart, and leads to weak heart pumping.
If the woman also has preeclampsia, which releases more harmful anti-angiogenic factors, the risk increases even more.
What Happens in PPCM?
The heart muscle becomes weak and enlarged
The pumping function reduces (EF <45%)
Blood starts backing up into the lungs → breathlessness and swelling
Both the left and right sides of the heart may fail in severe cases
Common Symptoms and Complications
Shortness of breath
Fatigue and swelling in the feet
Cough due to fluid in the lungs
Low oxygen levels
In severe cases, cardiac arrest or death
Can the Patient Recover?
Recovery depends on how early it is diagnosed and treated. With timely treatment — diuretics, beta-blockers, and sometimes bromocriptine (which stops prolactin release) — many women recover well. But in severe cases, the heart may remain weak permanently.
To learn more about such insightful sessions, subscribe to Conceptual OBG.
In simple terms Understanding heart disease in pregnancy isn’t just about remembering lists. It’s about knowing why these diseases are risky, how they affect the mother, and what can be done to prevent complications.
If you’ve ever dreamt of becoming a gynecologist or obstetrician and are exploring different postgraduate paths after MBBS, you’ve likely come across the term “DNB in OBG.”
But what exactly is it? How is it different from MD/MS? Who can do it, and what is the journey like?
Let’s break it down — step by step — so that by the end of this article, you’ll have complete clarity about DNB in Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBG).
What is DNB in OBG?
DNB stands for Diplomate of the National Board.
It is a postgraduate medical qualification awarded by the National Board of Examinations (NBE), under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
DNB in OBG (Obstetrics and Gynecology) is a 3-year postgraduate degree that deals with women’s reproductive health, pregnancy, delivery, and female reproductive system disorders.
It is comparable to MD/MS in Obstetrics and Gynecology, which is accredited by the Medical Council of India (currently NMC) and acceptable to the Government of India for teaching, practice, and employment.
Who Can Do DNB in OBG?
You should be able to:
Possess a valid MBBS degree from an NMC-approved medical college.
Have done a 1-year mandatory internship.
Clear the NEET-PG test, the national entrance exam for MD/MS/DNB seats.
Be part of the centralised counselling process run by NBE (now NBEMS).
To sum up, any MBBS graduate who has completed their internship and cleared the NEET-PG can apply for the DNB OBG.
Why Choose DNB in OBG?
Though most aspirants opt for MD/MS at government or private medical colleges, DNB has a few distinct advantages:
Equal Recognition: DNB is equal to MD/MS in all practical terms — academic, clinical, and professional.
Breadth of Exposure: DNB training is provided in esteemed private, corporate, and trust hospitals, providing students with broadened clinical exposure.
Merit-Based Admission: Admission is solely through NEET-PG rank, which ensures transparency and merit.
Discipline and Skill-Based: DNB programs are particularly famous for their intense clinical training and emphasis on practical experience.
International Opportunities: DNB is recognised by several foreign organisations, which can enhance4 your authority if you wish to practice or study abroad.
Duration of DNB OBG
Duration: 3 years (in case of post-MBBS candidates)
Post-Diploma candidates: 2 years (if you already have a DGO)
Throughout these years, the resident doctor receives systematic training in:
Antenatal and postnatal care
High-risk pregnancy management
Gynecological surgeries
Family planning and reproductive medicine
Infertility and oncology basics
Labour room and emergency handling
What Does the DNB OBG Curriculum Include?
The NBE curriculum is competency-based and comprehensive.
Here’s a brief overview of what you’ll study and do during your DNB journey:
A. Theoretical Learning
Reproductive physiology and endocrinology
Obstetric complications
Gynecological disorders
Infertility, menopause, contraception
Surgical anatomy and pathology
B. Practical Training
Conducting normal and assisted deliveries
Cesarean sections and minor gynecological procedures
Management of obstetric emergencies
Laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, and advanced surgical exposure
C. Academic Work
Weekly seminars, journal clubs, and case discussions
Clinical audits and logbook maintenance
Writing and submission of thesis (compulsory)
D. Development of Skills
Training in ultrasound and fetal monitoring
Patient communication and counselling
Research methodology
DNB Exam Pattern:
The DNB final examination has two parts:
Theory Examination:
Four papers on all topics of OBG.
Conducted by NBEMS in written form.
Practical/Clinical Examination:
Long cases, short cases, viva, and OSCE are included.
Assesses clinical judgment, communication, and surgical competence.
Only once you clear the theory can you sit for the practical exam.
Conclusion:
DNB in Obstetrics and Gynecology is not a degree — it’s a life-changing experience that shapes you into a confident, capable, and empathetic physician.
It requires grit, determination, and perseverance, but in exchange, it offers you unparalleled clinical exposure and a rewarding career in women’s health.
If you are enthusiastic about tending to mothers, delivering life, and managing intricate gynaecological issues, DNB OBG might be your calling.
